The question of how to properly model production systems with unintended outputs has proven both controversial and of particular interest to the productivity and efficiency community. The paper explains why some of the arguments put forward in these controversies are hardly convincing for...

This study used the by-production model specification to separate emission-generating technologies from ‘desirable outputs’ technology. It then employed the dynamic efficiency model, following the Dynamic Directional Input Distance Function specifications to compute the deterministic,...

The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive efficiency measures to estimate the performances of OECD and non-OECD countries. A Russell directional distance function that appropriately credits the decision making unit not only for increase in desirable outputs but also for the...