This paper explores the changing nature of universal service. In particular, it looks at universal service obligations … Ofcom into the scope of the UK's universal service obligations to highlight their complex nature. Although the number of …

Universal service obligations impose specific costs on the universal service provider. The measure of these costs and …

universal coverage and uniform pricing constraints, as part of the universal service obligations, makes the universal service … et al., 2002). In this paper, we fully characterize the resulting price equilibrium when universal service obligations … equilibrium is a mixed strategy one. Keywords: universal service obligations, uniform pricing, price competition. JEL …

This paper compares three schemes for funding Universal Service Obligations in network industries with an essential …

provided Universal Service Obligations, typically funded via a system of cross-subsidies. In this paper, we first review the … rationale for imposing Universal Service Obligations, based both on theoretical arguments and empirical results. We then address …