Climate change damages vary across countries, because of regional variation in climate metrics like temperature and regional variation in economic exposure. This is evident in the breakdown of the social cost of carbon: the country social cost of carbon (CSCC). While for the former a large...

Indonesia’s forest ecosystems are critical for sustaining economic growth, human well-being, and biodiversity conservation. Despite covering less than 1 percent of the Earth’s landmass, Indonesia contains 10 percent of the world’s tropical rainforests, making it the third largest such area...

This report builds on the analytical framework first developed in a 2023 World Bank publication. While the earlier study focused on passenger vehicle electrification across 20 countries through 2030, the analysis in the present report expands to both passenger and freight vehicles and extends...