In conventional proxy VAR analysis, the shocks of interest are identified by external instruments. This is typically accomplished by considering the covariance of the instruments and the reduced-form residuals. Alternatively, the instruments may be internalized by augmenting the VAR process by...

The goal of this study is to look into the dynamic relationship between stock prices, foreign portfolio investment, and financial development in the South African economy. Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) provided quarterly time series data from 1960 (Q1) to 2024 (Q2). This study uses a...

We construct a narrative instrument for government investment from official records in Germany. Using structural vector autoregressions, we document a significant crowding-in of private investment and an output multiplier of roughly 2. Then, we match a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general...