This paper investigates the relationships of the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index and the MSCI World Index in global financial markets. The main objective is to analyze the degree of integration of each index from a fractional perspective for the years 2014-2021. The methodology involves...

This study makes use of a very long time series of the S&P Composite Index, checking once more that the rates of return benefit from aggregational normality. It performs unit root tests as well as elementary statistical tests that take advantage of normality. It finds that mean blur is not...

Financial time series are dynamic and influenced by different types of information from the market. In this study, we propose new models for SPX and VIX options using the Hawkes process, jump process with stochastic intensity, and tempered stable process to capture these changes in financial...