Due to the omnipresence of digital technologies in the economy, measuring firm digitalisation is of high importance. However, current indicators show several shortcomings, e.g., they lack timeliness and regional granularity. In this study, we show that advances in text mining and comprehensive...

In the past 30 years, as sponsors of defined benefit (DB) pension plans were facing more severe underfunding challenges, pension de-risking strategies have become prevalent for firms with DB plans to reduce pension-related risks. However, it remains unclear how pension de-risking activities...