corruption, inequality and moral values. This approach triggered a process of affective polarisation, with religious rhetoric … cleavages, amplify the impact of information pollution. This study finds that information pollution has fuelled affective … polarisation, fostering mistrust, hostility, and violence, which in turn has jeopardised key elements of democratic quality …

corruption, inequality and moral values. This approach triggered a process of affective polarisation, with religious rhetoric … cleavages, amplify the impact of information pollution. This study finds that information pollution has fuelled affective … polarisation, fostering mistrust, hostility, and violence, which in turn has jeopardised key elements of democratic quality …

and measures of ideological and affective polarisation to the context of Europe’s multi-party and multi-dimensional party … competition. Second, they emphasise electoral and protest politics, examining how ideological and affective polarisation shape …

This paper aims to contribute to the nascent field of research on affective polarisation in liberal democracies by … 78 articles, I discuss three main ambiguities in the current literature on affective polarisation in multi … concept of “polarisation” in the context of affective polarisation. I then propose to use the existing ambiguities as a basis …