A redundancy allocation problem (RAP) is a well-known NP-hard problem that involves the selection of elements and redundancy levels to maximize the system reliability under various system-level constraints. In many practical design situations, reliability apportionment is complicated because of...

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have one of the highest potentials and operating ways for generating electrical power by converting solar irradiation directly into the electrical energy. In order to control maximum output power, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is highly recommended....

This paper develops and applies neural network (NN) models to forecast regional employment patterns in Germany. Computer-aided optimization tools that imitate natural biological evolution to find the solution that best fits the given case (namely, genetic algorithms, GAs) are also used to detect...