We examine the asymptotic behaviour of the call price surface and the associated Black-Scholes implied volatility surface in the small time to expiry limit under the condition of no arbitrage. In the final section, we examine a related question of existence of a market model with non-convergent...

An approximate formula for the Black–Scholes implied volatility is given by means of an asymptotic representation of the Black–Scholes formula. This representation is based on a variable change that reduces the number of meaningful variables from five to three. It is stated clearly which is...