infrastructure and institutions, while the effect of ‘explicit beyond the border' constraints, such as partner-countries' tariff and … exchange rate on the exports of EG was relatively small. The reduction of India's trading partners' ‘implicit beyond the border …

also suggest that reducing ‘explicit beyond the border’ constraints by partner countries aided Bangladesh in attaining …

context, decomposing trade costs into 'natural' costs, 'behind the border' costs, 'explicit beyond the border' costs, and … 'implicit beyond the border' costs, this paper suggests a method to measure the impacts of these components on changes in … Pakistan's export growth between 1999 and 2004 came mainly from the reduction in both 'explicit and implicit beyond the border …