We apply a functional data approach for mixture model-based multivariate innovation clustering to identify different …-temporal dynamics too subtle for most other clustering methods. Consistent with the literature on innovation systems, our analysis …; innovations in "electricity" and "physics" show similar temporal dynamics. For all other innovation types, the regional clustering …

with a latent group structure. A post-clustering approach is employed that combines a recursive $k$-means clustering … consistency of the $k$-means clustering algorithm is established, showing that the post-clustering estimate is asymptotically …$-means clustering algorithm can correctly recover latent group membership in data of this type and the proposed post-clustering panel …