also comprise the previous commitments without which responsibilities remain meaningless. It also asserts that transparency …

Since the introduction of a formal commitments procedure in EU an- titrust policy (Article 9 of Council Regulation 1 … uncertainty related to the law (L-uncertainty) and to the facts (F-uncertainty). We show that commitments are subop- timal when L …-uncertainty is important. Furthermore, the generalized use of commitments creates an additional risk of under-enforcement when F …

Do WTO commitments reduce the risk of trade policy reversals? To address this question, we rely on the theoretical … tariff increase. We then study how WTO tariff commitments affect this probability. We estimate our model using a database of … results show that WTO commitments significantly reduce the probability of a tariff increase, even when the bound tariff is …

Do WTO commitments reduce the risk of trade policy reversals? To address this question, we rely on the theoretical … tariff increase. We then study how WTO tariff commitments affect this probability. We estimate our model using a database of … results show that WTO commitments significantly reduce the probability of a tariff increase, even when the bound tariff is …