I generalize a benchmark model of directed technical change in order to reconcile it with the historical experience of energy transitions. I show that the economy becomes increasingly locked-in to the dominant sector when machines and energy resources are substitutes, but a transition away from...

In this article we intend to analyze and deepen an important category of expenditure funded from local budget, namely the expenditure on education. Our scientific approach starts with establishing the place of these expenses within the local public expenditures by specifying their content and...