We study the welfare impact of rules of origin in free trade agreements where final-good producers source customized inputs from suppliers within the trading bloc. We employ a property-rights framework that features hold-up problems in suppliers' decisions to invest, and where underinvestment is...

The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, two different energy self-sufficient systems for wastewater treatment...

Open-end real estate funds are collective investment undertakings in a diversified portfolio of real estate properties. The companies that launch and manage open-end real estate funds must regularly appraise fund properties because individual market prices are not available, which means that the...

High-performance wastewater treatment technologies suited to the urban environment remain largely inaccessible to developing countries due to financial constraints. Instead, inadequate technologies are being used that adversely affect the quality of water resources and limit their...

This study investigates the effect of SRI efficiency-screening intensity under joint consideration of financial and ESG criteria in the analysis of the firms’ efficiencies derived from multidirectional efficiency analysis for US and European firms. A number of usual asset allocation strategies...

Digital currency is at the forefront of modern monetary systems. This paper explores various forms of digital currency, including Cryptocurrency, and their applications. It also discusses blockchain technology that underlies digital currency development. Furthermore, the benefits and challenges...

The brick industry in developing world is a vast, coal burning and polluting industry. Nearly 1,500 billion bricks are produced globally each year where 87% are from Asia. China dominates the world in producing bricks using coal combustion and woods as fuels where Australia placed the last....