Open-end real estate funds are collective investment undertakings in a diversified portfolio of real estate properties. The companies that launch and manage open-end real estate funds must regularly appraise fund properties because individual market prices are not available, which means that the...

High-performance wastewater treatment technologies suited to the urban environment remain largely inaccessible to developing countries due to financial constraints. Instead, inadequate technologies are being used that adversely affect the quality of water resources and limit their...

This study investigates the effect of SRI efficiency-screening intensity under joint consideration of financial and ESG criteria in the analysis of the firms’ efficiencies derived from multidirectional efficiency analysis for US and European firms. A number of usual asset allocation strategies...

Digital currency is at the forefront of modern monetary systems. This paper explores various forms of digital currency, including Cryptocurrency, and their applications. It also discusses blockchain technology that underlies digital currency development. Furthermore, the benefits and challenges...

The brick industry in developing world is a vast, coal burning and polluting industry. Nearly 1,500 billion bricks are produced globally each year where 87% are from Asia. China dominates the world in producing bricks using coal combustion and woods as fuels where Australia placed the last....

This study analyses costs and benefits of a public-private funded individual learning account (ILA) for the labour force in the Netherlands. We consider an ILA that is funded by subsidies targeted at low- and medium-educated workers and co-funded by training levies as a share of the wage bill....

This paper investigates the unclear costs and benefits of the cryptocurrency’s spinoff. I find that the Bitcoin and Bitcoin cash spinoff (or hard fork) produce negative average abnormal returns unlike the corporate spinoff. In addition, I observe that cryptocurrency miners experience a...

In Finland, large firms are partially liable for the costs of disability and unemployment benefits paid to their former workers. To estimate the effects of such costs, we exploit a reform that extended this cost-sharing to cover a new group of blue-collar workers. We show that experience rating...