The explosion of online information with the recent advent of digital technology in information processing, information storing, information sharing, natural language processing, and text mining techniques has enabled stock investors to uncover market movement and volatility from heterogeneous...

The explosion of online information with the recent advent of digital technology in information processing, information storing, information sharing, natural language processing, and text mining techniques has enabled stock investors to uncover market movement and volatility from heterogeneous...

Financial ratios are often used in principal component analysis and related techniques for the purposes of data reduction and visualization. Besides the dependence of results on ratio choice, ratios themselves pose a number of problems when subjected to a principal component analysis, such as...