Retail electricity charges inevitably influence the financial rationale of using net-metered photovoltaic (PV) applications since their structure as well as their level may vary significantly over the life-cycle of a customer-sited PV generation system. This subsequently introduces a further...

The design of energy systems has become an issue all over the world. A single optimal system cannot be suggested because the availability of infrastructure and resources and the acceptability of the system should be discussed locally, involving all related stakeholders in the energy system. In...

The public support in photovoltaic (PV) technologies and increasing markets have resulted in extensive applications of grid-connected PV, in particular in the consumer side and electricity distribution grid. In this paper, the effects of a high level of grid connected PV in the middle voltage...

Technical demonstration of an innovative small-scale gasification and power generation system for solid fuels such as wastes and biomass are described which is known as the STAR-MEET (steam/air reforming type multi-staged enthalpy extraction technology) system. In this system, a fixed-bed...

Grid-connected inverters are key elements that interface the distributed energy sources with the grid. In this paper, a graphic modelling method based on switching flow graph is presented for modelling inverters, with a one-cycle controlled inverter as an example. This method features great...

This paper describes dynamic modeling and simulation results of a small wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system. The system consists of a 400 W wind turbine, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), ultracapacitors, an electrolyzer, and a power converter. The output fluctuation of the wind...

This paper describes simulation results of a small 500 W wind fuel cell hybrid energy system. The system consists of a Southwest Wind Power Inc. AIR 403 wind turbine, a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and an electrolyzer. Dynamic modeling of various components of this small isolated...