This paper presents an update to Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC)—Fiscal Transparency Module for Japan. Under the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) reform initiated in 2001, the size of FILP has been significantly reduced. The government is moving toward...

This Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix paper analyzes the budget deviations in Malawi, their reasons, and the consequences for the fiscal policy process. It documents the observed deviations of outturn to plan in Malawi, analyzes the reasons for such deviations, outlines some of the...

The public sector in Peru is clearly distinguished from the rest of the economy, but the existence of various legal and statistical definitions of the government makes it difficult to demarcate it clearly from the rest of the public sector. The recent constitutional reform has strengthened the...

This report on the Russian Federation’s Observance of Standards and Codes reports on the fiscal transparency module. Russia has achieved considerable progress in fiscal transparency and financial management since 1999, although a number of important reforms remain to be undertaken. The...

This report assesses the Observance of Standards and Codes on Fiscal Transparency for Moldova. Moldova has made progress in recent years in improving fiscal transparency, and meets the Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency in some areas. However, shortcomings remain in several areas, and...

This paper reviews the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Fiscal Transparency for Ukraine, and provides an assessment of fiscal transparency practices in Ukraine against the requirements of the IMF Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency. It reviews the description of...

This report on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Fiscal Transparency Module on Ghana highlights a fiscal transparency module. Ghana meets the standards of the fiscal transparency code in several areas. In spite of the progress, the transparency of fiscal activities still falls short of...

Small taxpayers should pay their appropriate revenue share while their compliance costs should be reduced. This assumes importance as restructuring in emerging markets has meant rapid growth in services through self-employed small entrepreneurs, who have good revenue potential. Administrative...