exposure and with the outcome, respectively. The E-value is defined as the strength of association that the confounder must … implications of this sharp region for the interpretation of the E-value. We illustrate the theory with a real data example and a …

scale. We show that our bounds can also be used to compute an E -value, on the risk difference scale. We compare our novel … parameters, which quantify the degree of unmeasured confounding on the risk ratio scale. These bounds can be used to compute an E … -value, that is, the degree of confounding required to explain away an observed association, on the risk ratio scale. We …

exclusions in cooperative game theory, the excluded coalitions value ( φ E value) was introduced. This value is based on the …