Doyle, Jeffrey T.; Jennings, Jared N.; Soliman, Mark T. - In: Journal of Accounting and Economics 56 (2013) 1, pp. 40-56
We provide evidence consistent with firm managers opportunistically defining non-GAAP earnings in order to meet or beat …, real earnings management, and expectation management). We also find that managers tend to exclude more expenses from non …-GAAP earnings when it is costlier to use accrual earnings management due to balance sheet constraints, indicating that these tools …