averages of the underlying heterogeneous treatment effects. The popular ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares … (2SLS), and two-way fixed effects (TWFE) estimands are all special cases within our framework. Our focus is on answering …

Relying on a reform that increased parental leave generosity, we estimate workplace peer effects in the use of leave … levels of social capital and higher use of parental leave before the reform. We also document that own-gender peer effects … provides an explanation for our findings. Peer effects extend to coworker fathers' partners, who experience an increase in …

rising and middle-income groups losing relative share. These effects are particularly pronounced for post-tax income … shares increase slightly in the short run, these effects do not persist, suggesting that wealth accumulation is driven more … regressive distributional effects suggest that, in societies with strong inequality aversion, their overall social welfare impact …

on contextual and neighbourhood effects. We address some of the main challenges in modelling contextual effects and … context effects are relevant for understanding individual outcomes. It is only when taken together that the rich body of … research on spatial context effects shows convincingly that spatial context effects are relevant. The commentary ends with the …

Across many disciplines, the fixed effects estimator of linear panel data models is the default method to estimate … causal effects with nonexperimental data that are not confounded by time-invariant, unit-specific heterogeneity. One feature … of the fixed effects estimator, however, is often overlooked in practice: With data over time t ∈ {1,...,T} for each unit …

motherhood for girls. Higher levels of gang crime also have detrimental and long-lasting effects, with men experiencing …