Abstract When evaluating point estimators by means of general loss functions, the expected loss is not always minimal, similar to the case of mean-biased estimators, whose mean squared error can be reduced by accounting for the mean-bias. Depending on the loss function, the socalled Lehmann-bias...

It is very well known that the first succesful valuation of a stock option was done by solving a deterministic partial differential equation (PDE) of the parabolic type with some complementary conditions specific for the option. In this approach, the randomness in the option value process is...

This paper presents closed-form expressions for pricing Bermudan options in terms of an infinite series of standard solutions of the Black-Scholes equation. These standard solutions are combined for successive exercise dates using backward induction. At each exercise date, the optimal exercise...