We contribute new cross-national evidence about the nature of measurement errors in employment earnings, fitting the …

The Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning's budget implementation reports reveal large fiscal forecast errors over …. Revenues forecasts errors are driven by optimistic budget projections for oil production which consistently exceed actual …. Large fiscal forecast errors limit the usefulness of the budget in providing a framework for the authorities' fiscal policy …

observed measurements are contaminated by potentially correlated errors and none provides an injective mapping of the latent …'s identity. As a result, the joint distribution of the latent vector and measurement errors is fully identified without requiring … factor models, survey data with reporting errors, mismeasured regressors in econometrics, and multidimensional latent …

squared error for non-null exposure effects. The probability of both type I and type II errors also decrease with addition of …