This paper describes the changes that occurred in the conduct and instruments of monetary policy used by major central banks when the crisis hit; discusses the new tradeoffs and controversies engendered by those policy reactions; and speculates about additional likely future changes in monetary...

In this paper we study policy reactions to the crisis across the Atlantic, with specific emphasis on its Eastern side. We want to explain the different attitude of European policymakers vis-à-vis their USA homologues and to this end we choose the perspective of the historical roots of European...