This report reviews Kazakhstan’s progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment, and focuses particularly on gender issues in the Asian Development Bank’s operations in transport, urban development, and support for entrepreneurship. Since the previous assessment in 2006,...

We define ‘failing states’ are those low-income states in which policy and governance is persistently very bad. We develop a theory of reform in these states in which several characteristics of the society might potentially be the binding constraint on change. We then introduce aid,...

</titre> Civil conflicts induced or maintained by the abundance of natural resources in developing countries are often analyzed in terms of State failure. In order to help these countries in a post-conflict situation and to prevent further armed conflicts, international institutions refer to State...