This paper examines the link between historical political fragmentation and surplus agricultural production, and the … tubers, specifically yams, were more likely to have higher levels of local political fragmentation. I show that both tubers … cultivators who were more likely to be centralized, tuber cultivators were likely to have more local political fragmentation. I …

signs of fragmentation in trade and investment patterns among ten major trading countries or regional trading blocks. We …. Bilateral flows between the US and China have been damaged, but there is little evidence of wider fragmentation or that the … to trade restrictions, we find no evidence of broad fragmentation. Our analysis does reveal, however, shifts in global …

The social fragmentation of societies is one of the greatest challenges for peace, democracy and human rights worldwide …

States over the period 1980-2000. We measure state-level political fragmentation with an inverse Herfindahl index for party … vote shares in the state legislature. Our results show that political fragmentation distorts fiscal policy: it entails … higher spending, lower revenues, and higher public debt. At the disaggregated level, political fragmentation leads to higher …

on the fragmentation of the global economy, looking in particular at the dynamics of friend-shoring, near-shoring and …, leading to the first signs of overall trade fragmentation along geopolitical lines, i.e. friend-shoring. Trade in goods …

better future for most of the world population. This paper examines the current fragmentation in the digital governance and …