International trade and fragmentation of production lead to increased trade in intermediate goods. Increased multi …

international price discrimination. Firms differ in the extent to which they engage in international fragmentation of their … production process. We find that being engaged in the international fragmentation of production is neither a necessary nor a … tend to prefer PIE. A shift from PIE to AIE increases fragmentation, lowers production costs, and eliminates North …

In this paper, we study the impact of ethnic fragmentation on the provision of private and public schools, separately … the relationship between ethnic fragmentation and public goods provision. We find that ethnic fragmentation has a negative … explain our findings we show that ethnic fragmentation lowers collective action, and because of the different objectives of …

-group population. Any unilateral increase in fragmentation within a group reduces conflict and makes its opponent better off. The …