Internal factors of Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) determine their technical efficiency, while external funding characteristics improve the quality of internal factors. Since the type of lending institutions and lending technologies primarily influence the lending decisions of...

Crude palm oil (CPO) is a valuable commodity for Indonesia's economy as the country has become the world's biggest producer and exporter. Therefore, maintaining productivity in the CPO industry is crucial to ensure that the global demand is met. This study aims to examine Indonesian CPO...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based cost norms are widely used to regulate natural monopolies like water, electricity, and gas networks. In the typical application, demand is considered fixed and non-controllable (non-discretionary), and the challenge is to incentivize the monopoly to provide...

The Brazilian energy regulator has been applying data envelopment analysis to set operating costs for distribution system operators since 2013. In addition to data envelopment analysis, further adjustments using Bootstrap and a reference efficiency, estimated as 79%, allow companies to have cost...

A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method has been applied by the Brazilian regulator to set regulatory operational costs for 61 electricity distribution utilities. Recent studies show evidence that the current method still requires improvements. This study evaluates the use of Stochastic...