Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that multilateral knowledge transfer emerges from two lines of thinking in the international business (IB) literature – the exploitation of multinationality and the contributory role of subsidiaries – and links three levels of analysis –...

Previous research suggests that language competence has an effect on foreign subsidiary control but its precise nature remains unclear. In a sample of 119 Western-owned subsidiaries in Finland and China, we empirically tested how foreign subsidiaries with varying degrees of language competence...