A practical stochastic location-inventory-delivery problem with multi-item joint replenishment is studied. Unlike the conventional location-inventory model with a continuous-review (r, Q) inventory policy, the periodic-review inventory policy is adopted with multi-item joint replenishment under...

We develop a numerical model that simulates the evolution of a virtual population with an incentive and ability-based wage, capital yield from savings, social welfare system, and total income subject to taxation and political turnovers. Meta-heuristics, particle swarm optimization (PSO) in...