Pretest–posttest experimental designs often are used in randomized control trials (RCTs) in the education field to improve the precision of the estimated treatment effects. For logistic reasons, however, pretest data often are collected after random assignment, so that including them in...

To improve precision of estimated treatment effects, education randomized control trials (RCTs) often use pretest–post-test experimental designs. For logistical reasons, however, pretest data often are collected after random assignment, so including them in the analysis could bias post-test...

To improve precision of estimated treatment effects, education randomized control trials (RCTs) often use pretest–post-test experimental designs. For logistical reasons, however, pretest data often are collected after random assignment, so including them in the analysis could bias...