This paper examines trends in the aggregate productivity of the pharmaceutical sector over the past three decades. We incorporate Ricardo's insight about demand-driven productivity in settings of variable scarce resources, and estimate the industry's responsiveness to changes in demand over this...

Neoclassical tools of marginalism and profit maximization are used to measure labor's surplus value. Recent empirical estimates of a firm's wage elasticity of labor supply imply a surplus so large that the value of labor may exceed the total value of a firm's production. Labor value in excess of...

The hedonic pricing method is one of the fundamental approaches used to estimate the economic value of attributes that affect the market price of an asset. In environmental economics, such methods are routinely used to derive the economic valuation of environmental attributes such as air...

This paper examines trends in the aggregate productivity of the pharmaceutical sector over the past three decades. We incorporate Ricardo's insight about demand-driven productivity in settings of variable scarce resources, and estimate the industry's responsiveness to changes in demand over this...