flnding a set of latent variables which together simultaneously decompose Y and X, given that these latent variables explain … (PCA). Suppose there are k such latent variables, where k can take values from 0 to p+1. The flrst step is now to decompose … X as X = KW; (7) where K collects these k latent variables, with K is of size n £ k, and where the loadings are …

assessing relationships between latent variables. Regression-type structural models based on parametric functions are often used … different functional relationships among latent variables. A structural equation of the proposed SEM is formulated using a …

contribution is to represent the rate and biases of technical change by unobservable or latent variables. We also divide the rate …