, business, and trade information in that the writing of letters was the very instrument through which merchants ordered and … of the letters, we employ an AI-based HTR model on the Transkribus platform and perform an automated-text analysis over …-practice methodology for the quantitative treatment of medieval and early-modern merchant letters and the use of the derived historical …

We analyze 6,400 letters of recommendation for more than 2,200 economics and finance Ph.D. graduates from 2018 to 2021 …. Letter text varies significantly by field of interest, with significantly less positive and shorter letters for … Macroeconomics and Finance candidates. Letters for female and Black or Hispanic job candidates are weaker in some dimensions, while …