effectiveness of policies for protecting the low-carbon environment. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses the meta-frontier … measurement models of the four regions under the meta-frontier and group frontiers, respectively. Then, this study uses the … technology gap ratio to evaluate the gap between the group frontier and the meta-frontier. Findings - The analysis reveals …

) subjects. Design/methodology/approach Our approach relies on the metafrontier approach proposed by Huang et al . (2014), which … proportion of female students and decreases with female lecturers. Practical implications The metafrontier has the benefit of … and preserve. Originality/value The stochastic metafrontier approach allows us to separate the group-specific frontiers …

with correction for self‐selection bias to analyse TE. Finally, we fit a stochastic meta‐frontier (SMF) model to the data …

organic and conventional farming, a metafrontier with a directional distance function approach was applied. As self …