An expert wishes to be approved by a receiver, who is outcome concerned. She then has an incentive to send an informative message. But if there is more than one expert competing for the receiver's approval and the latter doubts about the objectives of experts, they each have an incentive to make...

A sender wishes to be approved by a receiver, who is outcome concerned. She then has an incentive to send an informative message. But if there is more than one sender competing for the receiver's approval and the latter doubts about the objectives of senders, they each have an incentive to fool...