Mathis, Alicia; Chivers, Douglas P. - In: Behavioral Ecology 14 (2003) 3, pp. 334-339
armored and nonarmored species and predicted that either (1) the oddity effect would result in preference for conspecific … predicted by the oddity effect. In contrast, sticklebacks preferentially associated with groups of minnows over groups of … benefits of associating with more vulnerable prey appear to override the costs of both the oddity effect and food competition …
