substantially from standard approaches to modeling pollution-generating technologies. We show how by-production can be modeled using …

the phenomenon of by-production for the econometric and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) speci cations of pollution-generating … technologies. We derive a DEA specification of technologies that satisfy by-production. Such a specification can be used to study …

We argue analytically that many commonly used models of pollution-generating technologies, which treat pollution as a … under alternative specifications of pollution-generating technologies. …