turnthese parametric tests into semi-parametric ones by (i) using a studentization argument (whichleads to what we call pseudo-FvML … tests) and by (ii) resorting to the invariance principle (whichleads to e_cient rank-based tests). Within each construction …

using a studentization argument; this leads to so-called pseudo-FvML tests. Second, by resorting to the invariance principle …