The location-scale model is usually present in physics and chemistry in connection to the Birge ratio method for the adjustment of fundamental physical constants such as the Planck constant or the Newtonian constant of gravitation, while the random effects model is the commonly used approach for...

In multilevel modelling, interest in modeling the nested structure of hierarchical data has been accompanied by increasing attention to di¤erent forms of spatial interactions across different levels of the hierarchy. Neglecting such interactions is likely to create problems of inference, which...

Multilevel or mixed effects models are commonly applied to hierarchical data; for example, see Goldstein (2003), Raudenbush and Bryk (2002), and Laird and Ware (1982). Although there exist many outputs from such an analysis, the level-2 residuals, otherwise known as random effects, are often of...