Background Biosimilars are biologic drugs that have the potential to increase the efficiency of healthcare spend‑ ing and curb drug‑related cost increases. However, their introduction into hospital formularies through initiatives such as non‑medical switching must be carefully orchestrated...

Purpose Improving the performance of recommender systems (RSs) has always been a major challenge in the area of e-commerce because the systems face issues such as cold start, sparsity, scalability and interest drift that affect their performance. Despite the efforts made to solve these problems,...