The main characteristic of the implementation of the European Monetary Union (EMU) is the transition from various national currencies to the Euro, the common European currency. A final fixing of the individual bilateral exchange rates of all European countries involved in the Monetary Union...

An independent-collision model is advanced as a conceptually simple and computationally convenient framework for understanding non-linear impulse propagation in granular chains. In particular, conservation principles are used to show that the independent-collision model supports solitons in...