When monetary policy faces a zero lower bound (ZLB) constraint on the nominal interest rate, determinacy is not guaranteed even if the Taylor principle is satisfied when the ZLB does not bind. This paper shows the boundary of the determinacy region imposes a clear tradeoff between the expected...

This paper examines the stimulative effect of central bank forward guidance—the promise to keep future policy rates lower than its policy rule suggests—when the short-term nominal interest rate is stuck at its zero lower bound (ZLB).We utilize a standard New Keynesian model in which forward...

This article describes how project managers are faced with the conflicting criteria to make their decisions. In many real-world conditions, it may be difficult to get certain information about activities attributes, including time, cost, risk, and quality. In this case, interval type-2 fuzzy...