Political redistricting is a process used to redraw political boundaries based on a number of criteria that include population equality, minority representation, contiguity, and compactness. Redistricting plans can be difficult to draw manually and since the 1970s the use of computers in the...

The aim of this paper is to compare different policy instruments for cost-effective habitat conservation on agricultural lands, when the desired spatial pattern of reserves is a random mosaic. We use a spatially explicit mathematical programming model which studies the farmers' behavior as...

With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, the function of Luoyang city is constantly enriched and expanded. The city is no longer a simple area for people to live in. The function structure of the city is affected by the external factors and is constantly...