n this work factor analysis is used to obtain a two-dimensional map of ideological preferences of the Russian elec-torate. It is shown that Moscow is the most polarized region with respect to ideological preferences. A spatial model of voting, based on the assumption that the voter’s utility...

Down’s spatial theory of elections (1957) has occupied a prominent theoretical status within political science. Studies use a notion of ideological distance to develop explanations for observable electoral trends. In elections, voters by observing party ideologies and using the...

We explore the dynamics of multiple competing political parties under spatial voting. Parties are allowed to modify their positions adaptively in order to gain more votes. The parties in our model are opportunistic, that means they try to maximize their share of votes regardless of any...