three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.), for which visual cues and signals are known to play a role in premating …

are based. We investigated information use by nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) in a two-patch foraging …

groups containing individuals of the more vulnerable species. Armored brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans) and nonarmored …, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) attacked minnows earlier and more often than sticklebacks. We tested whether solitary minnows … and sticklebacks preferred to associate with conspecific or heterospecific shoals under conditions of both low and high …