Economic models often depend on quantities that are unobservable, either for privacy reasons or because they are difficult to measure. Examples of such variables include human capital (or ability), personal income, unobserved heterogeneity (such as consumer "types"), etc. This situation has...

The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel calculation scheme for the costs of distribution per shipment according to a cost-by-cause principle. We propose to estimate the full costs of distribution routes excluding and including a new consignor. Then, we estimate the marginal costs per...

The present descriptive-analytical study employs a survey research method, documentary technique, and applied-developmental research design to zone the 18 neighborhoods of Sabzevar City in terms of urban poverty indicators. Data collection was done through a questionnaire distributed among a...

Emerging smart manufacturing technologies combine physical production networks with digital IT systems, resulting in complex smart factory networks, which are especially vulnerable to IT security risks, such as IT component non-availabilities. Companies must employ extensive IT security measures...