This paper describes the transformation of Japan's accounting standards over the past 2 decades and the driving forces behind this transformation. It also analyzes the current state of Japan's accounting standards, which are characterized by the dichotomy of accounting systems inherited from the...

The reform of international accounting standards, as a consequence of the process of harmonization of European accounting systems, involves significant changes to the financial instruments that affect all types of enterprises. Both the equity and liabilities of cooperatives, added to the impact...