Background: The growth of parcel volumes in urban areas, largely driven by e-commerce, has increased the complexity of pickup and delivery operations. To meet demands for cost efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability, CEP (Courier, Express, and Parcel) operators increasingly outsource...

Background: The Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) has been extensively researched due to its applicability across various real-world domains, including logistics, healthcare, and distribution systems. With the global elderly population projected to continue increasing, the demand...

Background: Accurate route planning is a core challenge in logistics, particularly for small- and medium-sized enterprises that lack access to costly geospatial tools. This study explores whether usable distance matrices and routing outputs can be generated solely from geographic coordinates...

Background: Urban rail transit ensures efficient mobility in densely populated metropolitan areas. This study focuses on the Cairo Metro Network and addresses the Rolling Stock Rotation Planning Problem (RSRPP), aiming to improve operational efficiency and service quality. Methods: A...

Background: The increasing integration of automated transport drones into logistics networks presents transformative potential for addressing contemporary logistics challenges, particularly in last-mile delivery, healthcare, disaster response, urban mobility, and postal services. However, their...

Background: Disruptions in freight transportation-such as service delays, infrastructure failures, and labor strikes-pose significant challenges to the reliability and efficiency of intermodal networks. To address these challenges, this study introduces Adaptive Intermodal Transportation (AIT),...