Variable annuities (VAs) and other long-term equity-linked insurance products are typically difficult to hedge in the incomplete markets. A state-dependent fee tied with market volatility for VAs is designed to contribute the risk-sharing mechanism between policyholders and insurers. Different...

Although the finance literature has devoted a lot of research into the development of advanced models for improving the pricing and hedging performance, there has been much less emphasis on approaches to measure dynamic hedging effectiveness. This article discusses a statistical framework based...